Horizontal, Cantilever and Vertical Building Categories

Let’s explore a core principle that integrates structures and architecture. We can classify buildings into three main categories: horizontal, cantilever, and vertical.

First, horizontal category. These consist of consecutive spans in two directions. The spans—the distances between supports—are determined by the building’s function or the needs of the interior space. If the span increases, deeper cross-sections for horizontal elements like beams, trusses, or slabs are required to support the extra load.

Articulation in form leads us to the second category, cantilever category. Switch to a single support, you have a cantilever!. If a cantilever design is necessary, several factors come into play: a fixed support to the ground, rigid joints, and larger beams and columns, especially where the loads are collected.

Now, let’s rotate a cantilever by 90°: you get a vertical category! In this case, we need extra lateral stability systems, such as rigid joints, bracing systems, or structural walls, to handle wind and seismic forces. Deeper foundations are also required to support the increased height.

Now, here’s something to think about: “Are buildings just horizontal, cantilever, or vertical, or do they often combine all three categories?